Childhood Obesity Statistics: Parental Stress Matters | Your Health ...

kidsAs parents, we all try to do our best to raise our children with the best of morals and the most ideal of health. No parent looks at their child and thinks, ?I love little junior, but I?m going to feed him McDonalds three times per week so he can grow obese and develop heart disease and diabetes.?

Rather, the effects on our kids are more subtle. Take cigarette smoking. We?re all aware of secondhand smoke and how much it interferes with our children?s health. But, if you are smoking parent, are you aware of third hand smoke? That residue that?s left behind on the furniture, your clothing and the dashboard that your child is still exposed to long after that cigarette is extinguished.

Other factors like BPA in plastic water bottles, too much TV / video game time, soda and artificial sweeteners are all on this list as well. All have been linked to weight gain in children.

What about stress? Sure?stress is bad for kids. Makes them lose sleep and raises cortisol levels.

What about stress? Sure?stress is bad for kids. Makes them lose sleep and raises cortisol levels. Of course stress could reasonably contribute to weight gain and poor health in our children. The transition from junior high to high school is considered one of the most stressful periods in an adolescent?s life.

Actually, I meant parental stress.

There is no doubt that we live in a society that is more stressed than ever. Work, financial and family stress seems to affect nearly everyone, and few manage it effectively. But you do a good job of hiding it from your child. Right?

I hear this quite frequently. But, as I always say, kids and dogs are far better at picking up on non-verbal cues than you could ever imagine.

womanWhich brings us to a research article in the November 1, 2012 edition of the journal Pediatrics. Parents were asked about the stressors in their lives as well as how stressed out they felt they were. The researchers then looked at the child?s risk of being obese and how frequently they took in fast food.

Here?s what they found:

? Children whose parents with a higher number of stressors were 12% more likely to be obese.

? Children whose parents have higher levels of perceived stress were 7% more likely to partake in fast food consumption.

These numbers are not dramatic, but there is no one cause-one cure when it comes to the childhood obesity epidemic. There is no doubt that we all need to spend a little time in retrospection and ask ourselves some hard questions when it comes to our children?s long term health.

For instance, maybe you can?t manage your stress right now, but you need to understand just how important it is to manage it for the long run, not just for you, but for the health of your child. At the least, if you do feel like you live in a state of life similar to Fairfield, CT residents during the heart of Hurricane Sandy, than do your best to make good decisions.

This means no fast food. Planned family meals around the table. Family exercise. Anything that can help to divert the toxic effects of stress that you may be passing on to your child.

JamesBogash- Since acquiring a passion for how the body works in chiropractic school, I have continued to indulge this desire by reading some 120 peer reviewed medical journals per month. I?m always learning more about how to help people avoid chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, dementia, osteoporosis, obesity and cancer, and pass along this information in my blog. There are currently almost 2,000 posts cataloged on almost every health topic imaginable. Click Here for more bio information.

Source: http://www.lensaunders.com/wp/?p=10509

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Minister: Chavez may not be well by inauguration

People, one holding an image of Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez, gather to pray for him at Simon Bolivar square in Caracas, Venezuela, Tuesday, Dec. 11, 2012. Doctors began operating on Chavez in Cuba, his government said, after his cancer reappeared despite a year and a half of surgeries and treatments. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

People, one holding an image of Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez, gather to pray for him at Simon Bolivar square in Caracas, Venezuela, Tuesday, Dec. 11, 2012. Doctors began operating on Chavez in Cuba, his government said, after his cancer reappeared despite a year and a half of surgeries and treatments. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

In this photo released by Miraflores Press Office, Venezuela's Vice President Nicolas Maduro, center, addresses the nation on live television flanked by Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez, left, and National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello at the Miraflores presidential palace in Caracas, Venezuela, Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2012. Maduro said that Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez will face a "complex and hard" process after undergoing his fourth cancer-related operation in Cuba on Tuesday. Over the weekend, Chavez named Maduro as his chosen political heir. (AP Photo/Miraflores Press Office, Efrain Gonzalez)

A person holds up images of Venezuela's President Hugo, right, and Venezuela's independence hero Simon Bolivar as people gather to pray for Chavez at Simon Bolivar square in Caracas, Venezuela, Tuesday, Dec. 11, 2012. Doctors began operating on Chavez in Cuba, his government said, after his cancer reappeared despite a year and a half of surgeries and treatments. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

A student holds her teacher's hand at the start of the school day at the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela school where a poster of Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez hangs on the wall in Havana, Cuba, Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2012. Chavez was recovering in Cuba on Tuesday after an operation targeting an aggressive cancer that has defied multiple treatments and has prompted the socialist leader to name a political successor. (AP Photo/Franklin Reyes)

A person holds an image of the Venezuelan saint Jose Gregorio Hernadez as people gather to pray for Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez at the Simon Bolivar square in Caracas, Venezuela, Tuesday, Dec. 11, 2012. Doctors began operating on Chavez in Cuba, his government said, after his cancer reappeared despite a year and a half of surgeries and treatments. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

(AP) ? The government warned Venezuelans on Wednesday that ailing President Hugo Chavez may not be well enough after his fourth cancer-related surgery in Cuba to be inaugurated on Jan. 10.

Moving to prepare the public for the possibility of more bad news, Vice President Nicolas Maduro looked grim earlier in the day when he acknowledged that Chavez faced a "complex and hard" process after his latest surgery.

At the same time, officials strove to show a united front amid the growing worries about Chavez's health and the country's future. Key leaders of Chavez's party and military officers appearing together on television as Maduro took the lead in giving updates on Chavez's condition.

"We're more united than ever," said Maduro, who was flanked by National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello and Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez, both key members of Chavez's inner circle. "We're united in loyalty to Chavez."

Analysts say Maduro could eventually face challenges in trying to hold together the president's diverse "Chavismo" movement, which includes groups from radical leftists to moderates, as well as military factions.

Tapped by the 58-year-old president over the weekend as his chosen political heir, Maduro is considered to be a member of radical left wing of Chavez's movement that is closely aligned with Cuba's communist government.

Cabello, a former military officer who also wields power within Chavez's movement, shared the spotlight with Maduro by speaking at a Mass for Chavez's health at a military base. Cabello, who had accompanied Chavez to Cuba for the operation, denied rumors of the president's demise.

"That man who is in Havana... is fighting a battle for his life, and he said it," Cabello said. He urged the audience to pray and said Chavez is "invincible."

Throughout the day, Venezuelan state television broadcast religious services in which Chavez's supporters prayed for his health, interspersed with campaign rallies for upcoming gubernatorial elections.

On the streets of Caracas, people on both sides of the country's deep political divide voiced concerns about Chavez's condition and what might happen if he died.

At campaign rallies ahead of Sunday's gubernatorial elections, Chavez's candidates urged Venezuelans to vote for pro-government candidates while they also called for the president to get well.

"Onward, Commander!" gubernatorial candidate Elias Jaua shouted to a crowd of supporters at a rally Wednesday. Many observers said it was likely that Chavez's candidates could get a boost from their supporters' outpouring of sympathy for Chavez.

Opposition leader Henrique Capriles, who lost to Chavez in the October presidential election and is running for state office against Jaua, complained Wednesday that Chavez's allies are taking advantage of the president's health problems to try to rally support. He took issue with Jaua's statement to supporters that "we have to vote so that the president recovers."

Information Minister Ernesto Villegas expressed hope about the president returning, but said if Chavez isn't back for his scheduled swearing-in for a new six-year term, "our people should be prepared to understand it."

The constitution says presidents should be sworn in before the National Assembly, and if that's not possible then before the Supreme Court.

Former Supreme Court magistrate Roman Duque Corredor said a president cannot delegate the swearing-in to anyone else and cannot take the oath of office outside Venezuela. A president could still be sworn in even if temporarily incapacitated, but would need to be conscious and in Venezuela, Duque told The Associated Press.

If a president-elect is declared incapacitated by lawmakers and is unable to be sworn in, the National Assembly president would temporarily take charge of the government and a new presidential vote must be held within 30 days, Duque said.

Chavez said Saturday that if such new elections were held, Maduro should be elected president in his place.

Villegas said in a message on a government website that it would be irresponsible to hide news about the "delicateness of the current moment and the days to come." He asked Venezuelans to see any potential delay in Chavez's return as "when we have a sick father, in a delicate situation after four surgeries in a year and a half."

Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa also acknowledged the possibility of losing his close ally, while wishing him the best. "Chavez is very important for Latin America, but if he can't continue at the head of Venezuela, the processes of change have to continue," Correa said.

Maduro looked sad as he spoke on television, his voice hoarse and cracked at times after meeting in the pre-dawn hours with Cabello and Ramirez. The pair returned to Venezuela about 3 a.m. after accompanying Chavez to Cuba for his surgery.

"It was a complex, difficult, delicate operation," Maduro said. "The post-operative process is also going to be a complex and hard process."

Without giving details, Maduro reiterated Chavez's recent remarks that the surgery presented risks and that people should be prepared for any "difficult scenarios, which can be faced only with the unity of the people." Still, he expressed optimism Chavez would return home.

The vice president criticized the opposition, accusing it of using Chavez's illness to attack him. Many political adversaries have said the president should be more forthcoming about details of his pelvic cancer.

The dramatic events of this week, with Chavez suddenly taking a turn for the worse, had some Venezuelans wondering whether they were being told the truth because just a few months ago the president was running for his fourth presidential term and had said he was free of cancer.

Lawyer Maria Alicia Altuve, who was out in bustling crowds in a shopping district of downtown Caracas, said it seemed odd how Maduro wept at a political rally while talking about Chavez.

"He cries on television to set up a drama, so that people go vote for poor Chavez," Altuve said. "So we don't know if this illness is for that, or if it's that this man is truly sick."

Chavez announced over the weekend that he needed to have surgery again after tests showed "some malignant cells" had reappeared in the same area of his pelvic region where tumors were previously removed.

Throughout his nearly 14-year-old presidency, Chavez has been loved by some Venezuelans and reviled by others as he has nationalized companies, crusaded against U.S. influence and labeled his enemies "oligarchs" and "squalid ones."

Some Chavez supporters said they find it hard to think about losing the president and are worried about the future.

Others Venezuelans said that while they're sorry about Chavez's health and wish him the best, it isn't a particular concern for them. Many were out buying Christmas gifts and food as they prepared for the holiday season.

"The truth is that I have not paid much attention to the news. I just know the president is very sick and he went to Cuba for an operation," said Gabriela Hernandez, a nurse and opposition supporter. "I hope that he can get better. ... I don't wish for misfortune for anybody."

Omar Mendez, a shopkeeper who said he doesn't support Chavez or the opposition, was among several who worried about the possibility of political upheaval if Chavez doesn't survive.

"Many people don't dare to say it, but they want Chavez's death," Mendez said. "I would say something to those people: They should think hard about the consequences if Chavez does not survive this terrible illness because Chavez's death could bring about an unprecedented political crisis."

___

Associated Press writer Christopher Toothaker contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2012-12-12-Venezuela-Chavez/id-39baef99cc7f41159f6722efd18d4a69

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scottcarreey: Courses for Boating | Sports n Recreation Info Center

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Source: http://aignerjjeanne7.typepad.com/blog/2012/12/scottcarreey-courses-for-boating-sports-n-recreation-info-center.html

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Source: http://contrariwise-carola.blogspot.com/2012/12/scottcarreey-courses-for-boating-sports.html

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Source: http://kulsumkatun7.blogspot.com/2012/12/scottcarreey-courses-for-boating-sports.html

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Sir Ian McKellen -- I Have Prostate Cancer | TMZ.com

EXCLUSIVE

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The L.A. City Attorney isn't wasting any time ... TMZ has learned, prosecutors have already filed papers asking the court to revoke Lindsay Lohan's probation.

TMZ broke the story ... the L.A. City Attorney had been planning to file docs asking the judge to revoke her probation in her jewelry heist case ...?but now, it's official. As sources told us, prosecutors are "out for blood."

According to the L.A. City Attorney's office, prosecutors want Lindsay's probation revoked because of the criminal charges recently filed against her in Santa Monica, stemming from her car accident on PCH this summer ... after which she lied to cops about being behind the wheel.

But the City Attorney's move is just a formality -- the judge doesn't need prosecutors' input ... she'll be revoking Lindsay's probation on her authority alone.

Lindsay is set to be arraigned tomorrow morning on 3 misdemeanor counts -- lying to cops, obstruction, and reckless driving.

EXCLUSIVE

1211-alicia-guastaferro-mugshot-tmz-3
The former "Wife Swap" star who was charged with exchanging sex for money back in August ... can officially join the "not a prostitute" club ... because the charge has been dropped, TMZ has learned.

As we previously reported ... 21-year-old Alicia Guastaferro -- who was on the show back in '08 -- was arrested in New York after cops caught her half naked with a 54-year-old male lawyer .. in the back seat of a car.

But Guastaferro got some good news Tuesday night ... the District Attorney's Office dropped the prostitution charge in the "interest of justice" -- aka extreme leniency.

Alicia's not out of the woods yet ... she still faces several other charges from the same incident: criminal impersonation, criminal possession and possession of a controlled substance.

She's due back in court March 12.

1211_michael_jordan_house_splash_Article
Consider the world record for "largest humidor ever" broken -- Michael Jordan's $12.4 MILLION Jupiter, FL palace is juuust about ready to move in to ... and it features an insane cigar-friendly home theater.

His Airness -- rarely seen these days without a tightly-rolled Cuban between his teeth -- has been building the 28,000 square foot estate for the past three years, complete with a giant state-of-the-art home theater ... outfitted with special equipment made to handle mass amounts of cigar smoke.

The 3-acre, 11-bedroom compound is being built in the middle of an ultra-exclusive golf course community called the Jack Nicklaus' Bear Club?... where Tiger Woods also lives.

It's unclear where Jordan plans to display his 4 MVP trophies and 6 NBA Championship rings ... but between the main house, the pool house, the guest house, and the 2-story guard house ... he's got plenty of choices.

FYI -- There's also a ridiculous athletic facility ... complete with b-ball court, naturally.

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Breaking News

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Miley Cyrus
is having a really ruff day ... because her super cute pooch Lila has officially checked in?to the big dog park in the sky.

Miley took to Twitter moments ago to break the tragic news to her fans, tweeting ... "My heart has never been so broken. Lila my sweet baby girl has passed away."

She added, "Can't think of one good reason to get out of bed today."

It's unclear how Lila kicked the can, but she was only two years old.

Lila is survived by Cyrus' other pooches ... Ziggy, Penny Lane, and Mary Jane ... just to name a few.

Breaking News

121112_florence_fightRULE #1 of attending a Florence + the Machine concert: NO FIGHTING ALLOWED ... 'cause lead singer Florence Welch will scold your ass in front of the entire audience ... with her adorable English accent.

The footage was shot in Aberdeen, Scotland Sunday night ... Florence and her band were halfway through a song at the AECC arena when a fight broke out near the stage (starts at 1:20 in the video).

Rather than sing through the ruckus ... Florence stopped the show entirely to give the troublemakers a lesson in manners, saying, "No fighting allowed ... It doesn't matter whose fault it is ... seriously all of you, STOP IT."

The culprits apparently dropped their gloves ... and Florence -- who noticed a female fan had started crying during the melee -- jumped into the crowd to give her a hug.

Those Brits. Always so polite.

EXCLUSIVE

1211-rick-ross-chicago-tmz
Rick Ross says he's not hiding from gang members who made death threats against him -- but the Chicago Police Department took the videotaped message seriously enough to launch an investigation ... TMZ has learned.

You'll recall ... self-proclaimed members of the Chicago-based Gangster Disciples posted a video (below) -- in which they demand Rick Ross cut a check for GD founder Larry Hoover ... or else.

The video went viral a few weeks ago, and Ross then cancelled the remaining dates on his tour.

Law enforcement sources tell TMZ ... the Chicago PD was made aware of the video, and will be taking a closer look at the YouTube post. ?

Ross told Miami radio station WEDR the real reason he cancelled the tour was due to shoddy promoting -- and claims it had nothing to do with the GD threats.

Ross defiantly said he's not afraid to go to Chicago, and humbly added ... "Ricky Ross is a boss. You can't cancel a Ricky Ross show without Ricky Ross's permission."

EXCLUSIVE

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Lindsay Lohan is exactly one day away from having her probation revoked ... and the end game could be 245 days in the slammer ... TMZ has learned.

Law enforcement sources connected with her most recent case tell TMZ ... when Lindsay is arraigned Wednesday for allegedly lying to cops and reckless driving in connection with her car accident last June ... the judge will revoke her probation in the jewelry heist case and set a date for a hearing to formally decide if Lindsay violated the terms of her probation by breaking the law again.

We're told the hearing will be conducted at the same time Lindsay stands trial on the criminal charges.? And get this -- even if Lindsay is found not guilty in the criminal case, the judge can still rule she violated her probation because the standard of proving a probation violation is significantly lower than proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

The stakes for Lindsay are high -- up to 8 months in jail, and that doesn't include jail time if she's convicted in the car accident case.

Sources tell us ... the L.A. City Attorney is "out for blood" and they will file papers Wednesday asking that Lindsay's probation be revoked.? Fact is ... the judge does it on her own ... the prosecutors don't even have to ask for it, but their voice will certainly be heard.


121112_cannon_stern
Mariah Carey
's greatest hits just took on a whole new meaning -- because according to her husband Nick Cannon, when it's time for sex, the deed is done to her music.

Nick was on Howard Stern this AM when he revealed his lovemaking music of choice to the world ... and of course, Mariah is also on board.

It gets even weirder -- Nick also says he masturbates to Mariah's music ... and you'll never guess his favorite self-loving song.

Warning: You will NOT be able to get the image of Nick Cannon pleasuring himself out of your head.

Exclusive Details

1211-dave-hester-tmz-complaint
"Storage Wars" -- the hit A&E show -- is deceiving viewers by making it seem contestants are bidding on unseen items, when the best goods are actually planted inside ... this according to a lawsuit obtained by TMZ.

The lawsuit -- filed by the former star, David Hester -- claims he was axed when he complained to producers about the alleged rigging practices.

Hester claims in one case producers planted a BMW mini car under a pile of trash.? In another case, Hester alleges producers planted a pile of old newspapers that announced the death of Elvis.? For some reason, that's a valuable commodity.

And Hester goes on ... claiming the show even gave less than photogenic cast members money for plastic surgery to "create more sex appeal."

Hester claims in the suit he was wrongfully terminated because he blew the whistle.

But Dan Dotson -- the guy behind the show's auction company -- disagrees, telling TMZ, every unit seen on the show is legit and has a seal on it before they open it ... making it impossible for A&E to tamper with the units before filming begins.

Dan adds, ?We only sell legitimate units on Storage Wars. Every unit goes through a 64-day legal process and no one has access to units prior to auction.?

A rep for A&E tells TMZ,?"We do not know about a lawsuit being filed and we do not comment on pending or threatened litigation."

EXCLUSIVE

1211-brooke-mueller-denise-richards-charlie-sheen-tmz
Charlie Sheen's 2nd ex-wife Denise Richards got an interesting early XMAS gift -- twins ... but they're not hers ... they're?Brooke Mueller's.

Sources close to Charlie and his exes tell TMZ ... Brooke asked Denise to care for Bob and Max while she tries rehab for the 19th time, and Denise happily obliged.

As for why Charlie isn't caring for the 3-year-olds ... we're told he doesn't have the time because he's shooting "Anger Management."

Our sources tell us ... Denise will care for Bob and Max for "an indefinite period of time."

It's pretty interesting ... not only is Brooke confident the kids will be well cared for, but Charlie is also happy Denise is taking care of his entire brood.

And get this ... we've learned this isn't the first time Bob and Max have stayed with Denise. The last time Brooke went to rehab, the kids stayed with D.R..

Who needs "Modern Family."

EXCLUSIVE

1210-brooke-mueller-tmz
Brooke Mueller is back in familiar territory -- rehab -- because she now confesses she has a big problem with a powerful drug.

Sources close to Brooke tell TMZ ... Charlie Sheen's ex-wife #3 says she has addiction issues with Adderall -- a psycho-stimulant commonly used for ADD.

TMZ broke the story ... an unresponsive Brooke was rushed to the hospital last week after OD'ing on drugs.? Brooke is privately acknowledging she took way too many Adderall pills and it put her in the danger zone.

Brooke --who checked into rehab tonight -- won't bump into any walls in the middle of the night because she knows the? facility very well -- she's been there before. She'll be living there for an undetermined period of time.

Brooke's attorney, Yale Galanter, tells TMZ, "Brooke was uncomfortable with the way Adderall was making her behave."?

Galanter also insists Brooke had no illegal drugs in her system when she OD'd last week.?

Brooke is on probation in Aspen and she is prohibited from consuming alcohol, but Galanter tells us he's confident the low low level of alcohol in her bloodstream would not result in a probation violation.

Galanter adds, "Brooke continues her lifelong battle with drug addiction by taking these steps herself to prevent a further drug relapse."

1207_brooke_mueller_footer_v2

1211_lindsay_lohan_inf_article
Lindsay Lohan pressed her luck last night in NYC, returning to the nightclub scene ... despite her arrest last month ... and this time no one was Mirandized.

Lindsay was spotted leaving Catch nightclub ... with a stylish fedora pulled down low over her head.

The last time LiLo was out in NYC she was leaving Club Avenue in handcuffs ... after turning down a palm reading, calling a patron a f***ing gypsy and then allegedly socking the psychic in the eye socket.?

Lindsay denied hitting the woman but she was arrested and cited for assault.

1211_arrest_footage_lindsay_launch
Last night was utterly peaceful ... something the f***ing psychic probably predicted.

1211_ice_t_coco_article_splashAll is forgiven between Ice-T and wife Coco after pics surfaced last week of her getting real up close and personal with another man -- or at least it was during an event in NYC on Monday.

If you'll recall, Ice went on a Twitter rant ripping his buxom wife by saying he felt "disrespected" by pics of her hugging and kissing rapper AP.9.

Coco later apologized to Ice ... admitting the photos were in poor taste, but nothing else happened.

Everything's better with matching his and hers leather jackets.

1211_coco_curves_footer

Source: http://www.tmz.com/2012/12/11/ian-mckellen-prostate-cancer/

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Random Thoughts!: Skimboarding - Water Surfing Option

Have you tried water surfing? Particularly skimboarding? Sounds interesting?

This is the first time that I ever heard of this kind of water surfing or water sports. This could be one of interesting and enjoyable kind of water surfing by the use of skimboards.

I am a Filipino and I am not used to this. However, I try to imagine how skimboard is used, which is similar to a surfboard but this one has no fins as mentioned, which sweep across the water's surface.

The users, I understand, will have so much skills, agility, and presence of mind to be the best.?

By the way, for beach gear or beach products like skimboards, there are online retailer specialized in beach gear including chairs, umbrellas, water sports and wear if you just search them.

Interested skimmers may have the option to select what type of skimboards they are going to use such as wooden skimboards, fiberglass skimboards use of skimboards.

It is said the place like? Laguna Beach, California is noted as the best place for skimboarding. Here in our place like the Philippines, Siargao in Mindanao is considered as the surfing place for there are big waves ideal for surfing games and Tanuan, Leyte is also considered as the skimboarding city of the country.

Now I know water surfing is another form of beach recreation. Everyone doing this water sports is secured in places where there are bodyguards keeping watch for them.

Dangers or accidents do happen. Skimboarders usually get hurt, have fractures and injured their lower limbs. It is therefore necessary for them to wear beach gear to protect themselves.

Preparation is a must also like holding a brief talk about shape and propose best position in riding on skimboard. And this should be conducted before the skimboarders go to shore to do surfing.

image credits: worldclassfilipino.com

Source: http://www.gilcamporazorandomthoughts.info/2012/12/skimboarding-water-surfing-option.html

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State collusion in North Irish murder "shocking": David Cameron

LONDON (Reuters) - British Prime Minister David Cameron said on Wednesday there had been "shocking" levels of state collusion in the murder of Belfast solicitor Pat Finucane in 1989.

Cameron was quoting from a new report of into the killing of Finucane, saying that while it did not find that there had been an "over-arching state conspiracy" over the murder, it was still "extremely difficult reading".

Finucane, whose clients included members of the anti-British Irish Republican Army (IRA) guerrilla group, was shot dead in front of his family by pro-British paramilitaries, and there have since been long-running allegations of state collusion in the murder, one of the most controversial in 30 years of sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland.

Speaking in parliament, Cameron said of the report: "It sets out the extent of collusion in areas such as identifying, targeting and murdering Mr. Finucane, supplying a weapon and facilitating its later disappearance and deliberately obstructing subsequent investigations."

He repeated a British government apology to Finucane's relatives but said he would not order a full public inquiry, as the family have been demanding.

(Reporting by Mohammed Abbas; editing by Stephen Addison)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/state-collusion-north-irish-murder-shocking-david-cameron-130353699.html

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An elusive effect measured during the last Venus Transit

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 11-Dec-2012
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Contact: Paolo Molaro
molaro@oats.inaf.it
39-040-319-9299

A team of Italian astronomers performed a very difficult measurement for which it was necessary to use the most advanced instrumentation in combination with an unusual technique, so as to involve even the Moon as a natural astronomical mirror. The challenge was the observation of effect occurred during the transit of Venus across the Sun on June 6th, dubbed "Rossiter-McLaughlin effect". This is a phenomenon that occurs when a celestial body passes in front of a star, hiding a part of its rotating surface and that produces a temporary distortion in the profiles of the spectral lines of light coming from the eclipsed star. Astronomers led by Paolo Molaro, from INAF Astronomical Observatory of Trieste succeeded in this ambitious task, observing and measurirng the magnitude of this tiny effect. Their findings are published online today in a paper of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, published by Oxford University Press. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect has already been observed in systems composed of two stars that eclipse each other, but it becomes more and more difficult to observe when the celestial body is the size of a planet, and moreover not so great as Jupiter but rather similar in size to the Earth, just as it is during the transit of Venus. Measuring the extent of this weak effect on the light from other planetary systems through telescopes of the next generation such as E-ELT (the European Extremely Large Telescope) will be a useful tool for the search and study of exoplanets. Astronomers will be able to learn important orbital parameters in these systems and thus improve our understanding of the history of their formation.

"Critical to the success of this mission was the use of the HARPS spectrograph at ESO that now, along with his 'twin brother' installed at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated by INAF on Canary Islands, represents the state of the art for measuring radial velocities of celestial objects and the best hunter of planetary systems around other stars. The measured magnitude of the effect is comparable to being able to track the speed of a person walking at a slow pace at a distance of 150 million kilometers, the space that separates us from the Sun. Nowadays there is no other instrument capable of recording so tiny changes, especially if you only have a few hours to measure them" said Lorenzo Monaco, an Italian astronomer working at ESO.

But the mere use of HARPS would not be sufficient to achieve this result. The observations of the integrated light of the sun at high resolution are in fact extremely difficult to conduct and to overcome this problem, astronomers pointed their instruments to the Moon to capture the sunlight reflected from it. For this reason, the transit was observed by astronomers in Chile when in fact it would be impossible to do so, since in that region of the world it was night. This unusual strategy has imposed special calculations to achieve the desired results. "The transit of Venus seen from the Moon has a slightly different schedule than what has been observed on Earth," said Simone Zaggia from INAF Astronomical Observatory of Padua, who participated in the mission. "The Moon was in fact 8 degrees ahead of the Earth and Venus reaches alignment with the Sun and the Moon about two hours later. The transit was also slightly longer than that observed on Earth because the Moon was above the plane of rotation of the Earth around the Sun".

Observations show that the partial eclipse on the solar disc produced by the transit of Venus has generated a modulation in the radial velocity of the Sun of less than one meter per second, which is just 3 km/h. "The agreement with the theoretical models is around a few centimetres per second and is an amazing result ever reached before" says Mauro Barbieri, from University of Padua, who is also a member of the team. "Among other things, this change in velocity is comparable with that due to the natural expansion and contraction of our star. However, our observations have allowed us to clearly see the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect during transit".

The results obtained from these observations - the only ones with purely scientific purposes that have been carried out on the Earth during the last transit of Venus - will be of great help to astronomers, who in the next decade will be able measure this phenomenon in extrasolar systems, unleashing the full potential of new generation of telescopes such as the E-ELT. "This measurement - says Paolo Molaro - foretells the sensational results that in a few years will be able to get thanks to the advent of the 40-meter class telescopes equipped with high-resolution spectrographs. This mammoth astronomical instruments will open for sure a new horizon in the study of orbital properties of other Earth-like planets that are found around other stars in our galaxy".

###


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Contact: Paolo Molaro
molaro@oats.inaf.it
39-040-319-9299

A team of Italian astronomers performed a very difficult measurement for which it was necessary to use the most advanced instrumentation in combination with an unusual technique, so as to involve even the Moon as a natural astronomical mirror. The challenge was the observation of effect occurred during the transit of Venus across the Sun on June 6th, dubbed "Rossiter-McLaughlin effect". This is a phenomenon that occurs when a celestial body passes in front of a star, hiding a part of its rotating surface and that produces a temporary distortion in the profiles of the spectral lines of light coming from the eclipsed star. Astronomers led by Paolo Molaro, from INAF Astronomical Observatory of Trieste succeeded in this ambitious task, observing and measurirng the magnitude of this tiny effect. Their findings are published online today in a paper of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, published by Oxford University Press. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect has already been observed in systems composed of two stars that eclipse each other, but it becomes more and more difficult to observe when the celestial body is the size of a planet, and moreover not so great as Jupiter but rather similar in size to the Earth, just as it is during the transit of Venus. Measuring the extent of this weak effect on the light from other planetary systems through telescopes of the next generation such as E-ELT (the European Extremely Large Telescope) will be a useful tool for the search and study of exoplanets. Astronomers will be able to learn important orbital parameters in these systems and thus improve our understanding of the history of their formation.

"Critical to the success of this mission was the use of the HARPS spectrograph at ESO that now, along with his 'twin brother' installed at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated by INAF on Canary Islands, represents the state of the art for measuring radial velocities of celestial objects and the best hunter of planetary systems around other stars. The measured magnitude of the effect is comparable to being able to track the speed of a person walking at a slow pace at a distance of 150 million kilometers, the space that separates us from the Sun. Nowadays there is no other instrument capable of recording so tiny changes, especially if you only have a few hours to measure them" said Lorenzo Monaco, an Italian astronomer working at ESO.

But the mere use of HARPS would not be sufficient to achieve this result. The observations of the integrated light of the sun at high resolution are in fact extremely difficult to conduct and to overcome this problem, astronomers pointed their instruments to the Moon to capture the sunlight reflected from it. For this reason, the transit was observed by astronomers in Chile when in fact it would be impossible to do so, since in that region of the world it was night. This unusual strategy has imposed special calculations to achieve the desired results. "The transit of Venus seen from the Moon has a slightly different schedule than what has been observed on Earth," said Simone Zaggia from INAF Astronomical Observatory of Padua, who participated in the mission. "The Moon was in fact 8 degrees ahead of the Earth and Venus reaches alignment with the Sun and the Moon about two hours later. The transit was also slightly longer than that observed on Earth because the Moon was above the plane of rotation of the Earth around the Sun".

Observations show that the partial eclipse on the solar disc produced by the transit of Venus has generated a modulation in the radial velocity of the Sun of less than one meter per second, which is just 3 km/h. "The agreement with the theoretical models is around a few centimetres per second and is an amazing result ever reached before" says Mauro Barbieri, from University of Padua, who is also a member of the team. "Among other things, this change in velocity is comparable with that due to the natural expansion and contraction of our star. However, our observations have allowed us to clearly see the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect during transit".

The results obtained from these observations - the only ones with purely scientific purposes that have been carried out on the Earth during the last transit of Venus - will be of great help to astronomers, who in the next decade will be able measure this phenomenon in extrasolar systems, unleashing the full potential of new generation of telescopes such as the E-ELT. "This measurement - says Paolo Molaro - foretells the sensational results that in a few years will be able to get thanks to the advent of the 40-meter class telescopes equipped with high-resolution spectrographs. This mammoth astronomical instruments will open for sure a new horizon in the study of orbital properties of other Earth-like planets that are found around other stars in our galaxy".

###


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?


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/nioa-aee121012.php

chipper jones dancing with the stars cast mickael pietrus heart transplant the international preppers geraldo

Biological Science - enabler modestia

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

B.Ed OPTIONAL COURSE

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE ? I

UNIT I Place, Goals and Objectives of Biology

Biology in the school curriculum ? its claims for inclusion ? Interdisciplinary approaches in the school curriculum ? Various branches related to Life Science.

Goals and objectives of teaching Biology with reference to Bloom?s taxonomy- Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Domains. Aims of teaching Biology at different levels ? Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary.

Biology in the school curriculum

??????????? Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:

  1. Cells are the basic unit of life
  2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
  3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity
  4. An organism regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
  5. Living organisms consume and transform energy.
??????????? Sub disciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment.

What is science?

??????????? The word "science" probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein's equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ?. All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so many facets:

  • Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a textbook, but that's only a small part of the story. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.
  • Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.
  • Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.
  • Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will never be "finished."
  • Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the process of science. And you can too!

Science is complex and multi-faceted, but the most important characteristics of science are straightforward:

  • Science focuses exclusively on the natural world, and does not deal with supernatural explanations.
  • Science is a way of learning about what is in the natural world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world got to be the way it is. It is not simply a collection of facts; rather it is a path to understanding.
  • Scientists work in many different ways, but all science relies on testing ideas by figuring out what expectations are generated by an idea and making observations to find out whether those expectations hold true.
  • Accepted scientific ideas are reliable because they have been subjected to rigorous testing, but as new evidence is acquired and new perspectives emerge these ideas can be revised.
  • Science is a community endeavor. It relies on a system of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves in the direction of greater accuracy and understanding. This system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a broad range of perspectives on scientific ideas.

??????????? Too many, science may seem like an arcane, ivory-towered institution ? but that impression is based on a misunderstanding of science. In fact:

  • Science affects your life everyday in all sorts of different ways.
  • Science can be fun and is accessible to everyone.
  • You can apply an understanding of how science works to your everyday life.
  • Anyone can become a scientist ? of the amateur or professional variety.

Definitions of Science

????????? sci?ence

1.????? A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: the mathematical sciences.

2. Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????and experimentation.

4. systematized knowledge in general.

5. Knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study.

6. A particular branch of knowledge.

7. Skill, especially reflecting a precise application of facts or principles; proficiency.

Definitions by goal and process

?2. The organized body of knowledge that is derived from such observations and that can be verified or tested by further investigation.

?3. any specific branch of this general body of knowledge, such as biology, physics, geology, or astronomy.

Academic Press Dictionary of Science & Technology

?

?????????? Science is an intellectual activity carried on by humans that is designed to discover information about the natural world in which humans live and to discover the ways in which this information can be organized into meaningful patterns. A primary aim of science is to collect facts (data). An ultimate purpose of science is to discern the order that exists between and amongst the various facts.

??????????? Science involves more than the gaining of knowledge. It is the systematic and organized inquiry into the natural world and its phenomena. Science is about gaining a deeper and often useful understanding of the world.

The Nature of Normal Science

?

?????????? Normal science is the practice of gaining knowledge by using some paradigm. It therefore has a perspective, common rules, facts, and problems. Its task is to solidify, reify, and articulate the paradigm; quantify its predictions, extend it to new areas, and to develop the technology needed. It rejects the approbations of the lay. It does not attempt to answer all problems. It uses facts considered revealing to solve problems considered acute by the paradigm. It is to articulate accepted phenomena. Problems must be challenging but not hopeless. Frequently the paradigm and its rules are tacit, they cannot be articulated. The adequacy of a paradigm is judged by peers not lay.

??????????? Normal science is the finding of previously unpredicted phenomena and showing how that phenomenon is explainable with the existing paradigm. Finding unexplainable phenomena is not science; anyone can be capable of not explaining something. Brain damage helps enormously. Normal science does not produce new phenomena; it articulates those that the paradigm supplies. Extending the paradigm (showing how the paradigm explains previously unexplainable events) is mopping up and is where most scientists spend their lives.

??????????? A paradigm gains status because it handles problems that practitioners feel are important - not because it handles all problems.

??????????? 1. Empirical work to articulate paradigm or theory. Determinants of physical constants / quantitative laws / determination of way to apply paradigm to new situation.

??????????? 2. Facts without intrinsic interest which can be compared to predictions from the paradigm.

??????????? 3. Class of facts that the paradigm has shown to be revealing of nature. To desert the paradigm is to cease practicing the science it defines. The task is to explain current problems with rules such that the majority of past findings are consistent, somewhat like a judge trying to be consistent with precedent, or trying to minimize sum of squared differences when determining a regression line.

Fact

? ???????? ?1. ?Something that actually exists; reality; truth: Your fears have no basis in fact.

??????????? ?2. Something known to exist or to have happened: Space travel is now a fact.

3. A truth known by actual experience or observation; something known to be true: ???Scientists gather facts about plant growth.

4. Something said to be true or supposed to have happened: The facts given by the witness are highly questionable.

5. Law often, facts an actual or alleged event or circumstance, as distinguished from its legal effect or consequence. Compare question of fact, question of law.

There are four types of fact. The first type of fact cannot be proved by the experiments as we wish. We have to see this fact when it happens. The second type of fact can be seen and shown at any time. The third type of fact is the generalization i.e. one fact is associating with another fact. The fourth type is a theory but it is treated as fact because of the evidences to prove the theory.

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

??????????? When we say science we know pretty well that includes not only physics and chemistry but also Biology. We can give three reasons to prove that Biology is also a science. They are:

1.????? Biology possesses the characters of other branches of science like practical, experiments, data and utility for the life. We know that all the three branches of science possess all these qualities. Biology also gives the same benefits to the society as the other branches.

2.????? Biology gives a complete and notable knowledge like other branches of science. We know that physics deals with instruments and equipments, chemistry deals with chemical substances and their combinations and biology deals with living organisms. So it gives a complete notable knowledge about living organisms.

3.????? Biology gives extra training in the scientific method. We know that scientific method is a method followed by scientists to develop science. While physics and chemistry gives training to the pupil in this method, Biology is expected to give extra training in this method. This is because it deals with living organisms and they have to face complex problems in their life. The pupils are expected to adopt the scientific method in order to find how the living organisms overcome the complex problems. So they get extra training in the scientific method by studying Biology. Because of these three reasons Biology is considered as science along with other branches of science. ?

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING BIOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO BLOOM?S TAXONOMY

Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains - Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor Domains - design and evaluation toolkit for training and learning

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy, (in full: 'Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains', or strictly speaking: Bloom's 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives') was initially (the first part) published in 1956 under the leadership of American academic and educational expert Dr Benjamin S Bloom. 'Bloom's Taxonomy' was originally created in and for an academic context, (the development commencing in 1948), when Benjamin Bloom chaired a committee of educational psychologists, based in American education, whose aim was to develop a system of categories of learning behaviour to assist in the design and assessment of educational learning. Bloom's Taxonomy has since been expanded over many years by Bloom and other contributors (notably Anderson and Krathwhol as recently as 2001, whose theories extend Bloom's work to far more complex levels than are explained here, and which are more relevant to the field of academic education than to corporate training and development).

??????????? Most corporate trainers and HR professionals, coaches and teachers, will benefit significantly by simply understanding the basics of Bloom's Taxonomy, as featured below. (If you want to know more, there is a vast amount of?related reading and references, listed at the end of this summary explanation.)

Bloom's Taxonomy was primarily created for academic education; however it is relevant to all types of learning.

??????????? Interestingly, at the outset, Bloom believed that education should focus on 'mastery' of subjects and the promotion of higher forms of thinking, rather than a utilitarian approach to simply transferring facts. Bloom demonstrated decades ago that most teaching tended to be focused on fact-transfer and information recall - the lowest level of training - rather than true meaningful personal development, and this remains a central challenge for educators and trainers in modern times. Much corporate training is also limited to non-participative, unfeeling knowledge-transfer, (all those stultifying boring PowerPoint presentations...), which is reason alone to consider the breadth and depth approach exemplified in Bloom's model.

You might find it helpful now to see the?Bloom Taxonomy overview. Did you realize there were all these potential dimensions to training and learning?

??????????? Benjamin S Bloom (1913-99) attained degrees at Pennsylvania State University in 1935. He joined the Department of Education at the University of Chicago in 1940 and attained a PhD in Education in 1942, during which time he specialized in examining. Here he met his mentor Ralph Tyler with whom he first began to develop his ideas for developing a system (or 'taxonomy') of specifications to enable educational training and learning objectives to be planned and measured properly - improving the effectiveness of developing 'mastery' instead of simply transferring facts for mindless recall. Bloom continued to develop the Learning Taxonomy model through the 1960's, and was appointed Charles H Swift Distinguished Service Professor at Chicago in 1970. He served as adviser on education to several overseas governments including of Israel and India.

??????????? Bloom's (and his colleagues') initial attention was focused on the?'Cognitive Domain', which was the first published part of Bloom's Taxonomy, featured in the publication: 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl, 1956).

??????????? The 'Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook II, The Affective Domain' (Bloom, Masia, Krathwohl) as the title implies, deals with the detail of the second domain, the?'Affective Domain', and was published in 1964.

??????????? Various people suggested detail for the third?'Psychomotor Domain', which explains why this domain detail varies in different representations of the complete Bloom Taxonomy. The three most popularly referenced versions of the Psychomotor Domain seem to be those of???? RH Dave?(1967/70),?EJ Simpson (1966/72), and?AJ Harrow?(1972).

??????????? As such 'Bloom's Taxonomy' describes the three-domain structure, within which the detail may vary, especially for the third domain.

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy has therefore since 1956 provided a basis for ideas which have been used (and developed) around the world by academics, educators, teachers and trainers, for the preparation of learning evaluation materials, and also provided the platform for the complete 'Bloom's Taxonomy' (including the detail for the third 'Psychomotor Domain') as we see it today. Collectively these concepts which make up the whole Bloom Taxonomy continue to be useful and very relevant to the planning and design of: school, college and university education, adult and corporate training courses, teaching and lesson plans, and learning materials; they also serve as a template for the evaluation of: training, teaching, learning and development, within every aspect of education and industry.

Training or learning design and evaluation need not cover all aspects of the Taxonomy - just make sure there is coverage of the aspects that are appropriate.

??????????? As such, if in doubt about your training aims - check what's possible, and perhaps required, by referring to Bloom's Taxonomy.

Explanation of bloom's taxonomy

??????????? First, don't be put off by the language or the apparent complexity of Bloom's Taxonomy - at this basic level it's a relatively simple and logical model.

??????????? Taxonomy?means 'a set of classification principles', or 'structure', and?Domain?simply means 'category'. Bloom and his colleagues were academics, looking at learning as a behavioural science, and writing for other academics, which is why they never called it 'Bloom's Learning Structure', which would perhaps have made more sense to people in the business world. (Interestingly this example of the use of technical language provides a helpful lesson in learning itself, namely, if you want to get an idea across to people, you should try to use language that your audience will easily recognize and understand.)

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy underpins the classical 'Knowledge, Attitude, Skills' structure of learning method and evaluation, and aside from the even simpler?Kirkpatrick learning evaluation model, Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains remains the most widely used system of its kind in education particularly, and also industry and corporate training. It's easy to see why, because it is such a simple, clear and effective model, both for explanation and application of learning objectives, teaching and training methods, and measurement of learning outcomes.

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy provides an excellent structure for planning, designing, assessing and evaluating training and learning effectiveness. The model also serves as a sort of?checklist, by which you can ensure that training is planned to deliver all the necessary development for students, trainees or learners, and a template by which you can assess the validity and coverage of any existing training, be it a course, a curriculum, or an entire training and development programme for a large organization.

??????????? It is fascinating that Bloom's Taxonomy model (1956/64) and?Kirkpatrick's learning evaluation model (1959) remain classical reference models and tools into the 21st century. This is because concepts such as Bloom's Taxonomy, Kirkpatrick's model,?Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs,?Mcgregor's XY Theory, The?SWOT analysis?model, and?Berne's Transactional Analysis theory, to name a few other examples, are timeless, and as such will always be relevant to the understanding and development of people and organizations. Bloom?s taxonomy definitions

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy model is in three parts, or 'overlapping domains'. Again, Bloom used rather academic language, but the meanings are simple to understand:

  1. Cognitive domain?(intellectual capability, i.e.,?knowledge, or?'think')
  2. Affective domain?(feelings, emotions and behaviour, i.e.,?attitude, or?'feel')
  3. Psychomotor domain?(manual and physical skills, i.e.,?skills, or?'do')

??????????? This has given rise to the obvious short-hand variations on the theme which summaries the three domains; for example, Skills-Knowledge-Attitude, KAS, Do-Think-Feel, etc.

??????????? Various people have since built on Bloom's work, notably in the third domain, the 'psychomotor' or skills, which Bloom originally identified in a broad sense, but which he never fully detailed. This was apparently because Bloom and his colleagues felt that the academic environment held insufficient expertise to analyze and create a suitable reliable structure for the physical ability 'Psychomotor' domain. While this might seem strange, such caution is not uncommon among expert and highly specialized academics - they strive for accuracy as well as innovation. In Bloom's case it is as well that he left a few gaps for others to complete the detail; the model seems to have benefited from having several different contributors fill in the detail over the years, such as Anderson, Krathwhol, Masia, Simpson, Harrow and Dave (these last three having each developed versions of the third 'Psychomotor' domain).

??????????? In each of the three domains Bloom's Taxonomy is based on the premise that the categories are ordered in degree of difficulty.?An important premise of Bloom's Taxonomy is that each category (or 'level') must be mastered before progressing to the next. As such the categories within each domain are levels of learning development, and these levels increase in difficulty.

??????????? The simple matrix structure enables a checklist or template to be constructed for the design of learning programmes, training courses, lesson plans, etc. Effective learning - especially in organizations, where training is to be converted into organizational results - should arguably cover all the levels of each of the domains, where relevant to the situation and the learner.

??????????? The learner should benefit from development of knowledge and intellect (Cognitive Domain); attitude and beliefs (Affective Domain); and the ability to put physical and bodily skills into effect - to act (Psychomotor Domain).

??????????? Here's a really simple adapted 'at-a-glance' representation of Bloom's Taxonomy. The definitions are intended to be simple modern day language, to assist explanation and understanding. This simple overview can help you (and others) to understand and explain the taxonomy. Refer back to it when considering and getting to grips with the detailed structures - this overview helps to clarify and distinguish the levels.

??????????? For the more precise original Bloom Taxonomy terminology and definitions see the more detailed domain structures beneath this at-a-glance model. It's helpful at this point to consider also the ?conscious competence' learning stages model, which provides a useful perspective for all three domains, and the concept of developing competence by stages in sequence.

Cognitive

Affective

Psychomotor

knowledge

attitude

skills

1. Recall data

1.Receive
?
(awareness)

1. Imitation (copy)

2. Understand

2. Respond (react)

2. Manipulation (follow instructions)

3. Apply (use)

3. Value (understand and act)

3. Develop Precision

4.Analyse (structure/elements)

4. Organize personal value system

4.Articulation (combine, integrate related skills)

5.Synthesize (create/build)

5. Internalize value system (adopt behaviour)?

5.Naturalization (automate, become expert)

6. Evaluate (assess, judge in relational terms)

N.B. In the Cognitive Domain, levels 5 and 6, Synthesis and Evaluation, were subsequently inverted by Anderson and Krathwhol in 2001. Anderson and Krathwhol also developed a complex two-dimensional extension of the Bloom Taxonomy, which is not explained here. If you want to learn more about the bleeding edge of academic educational learning and evaluation there is a list of further references below. For most mortals in teaching and training what's on this page is probably enough to make a start, and a big difference.

??????????????? Note also that the Psychomotor Domain featured above is based on the domain detail established by RH Dave (who was a student of Bloom) in 1967 (conference paper) and 1970 (book). The Dave model is the simplest and generally easiest to apply in the corporate development environment. Alternative Psychomotor Domains structures have been suggested by others, notably?Harrow and Simpson's models detailed below. I urge you explore the?Simpson?and?Harrow?Psychomotor Domain alternatives - especially for the development of children and young people, and for developing skills in adults that take people out of their comfort zones. This is because the Simpson and Harrow models offer different emotional perspectives and advantages, which are useful for certain learning situations, and which do not appear so obviously in the structure of the Dave model.

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy in more detailed structure follows, with more formal terminology and definitions. Refer back to the?Bloom Taxonomy overview?any time you need to refresh or clarify your perception of the model. It is normal to find that the extra detail can initially cloud the basic structure - which is actually quite simple - so it's helpful to keep the simple overview to hand.

?Bloom?s taxonomy learning domains - detailed structures

Bloom's Taxonomy 1956 Cognitive Domain is as follows. An adjusted model was produced by Anderson and Krathwhol in 2001 in which the levels five and six (synthesis and evaluation) were inverted (reference: Anderson & Krathwhol, A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, 2001). This is why you will see different versions of this Cognitive Domain model. Debate continues as to the order of levels five and six, which is interesting given that Bloom's Taxonomy states that the levels must be mastered in order.

??????????? In my humble opinion it's possible to argue either case (Synthesis then Evaluation, or vice-versa) depending on the circumstances and the precise criteria stated or represented in the levels concerned, plus the extent of 'creative thinking' and 'strategic authority' attributed to or expected at the 'Synthesis' level. In short - pick the order which suits your situation.

cognitive domain

?level

category or 'level'

behaviour descriptions

examples of activity to be trained, or demonstration and evidence to be measured

'key words' (verbs which describe the activity to be trained or measured at each level)

1

Knowledge

recall or recognise information

multiple-choice test, recount facts or statistics, recall a process, rules, definitions; quote law or procedure

arrange, define, describe, label, list, memorise, recognise, relate, reproduce, select, state

2

Comprehension

understand meaning, re-state data in one's own words, interpret, extrapolate, translate

explain or interpret meaning from a given scenario or statement, suggest treatment, reaction or solution to given problem, create examples or metaphors

explain, reiterate, reword, critique, classify, summarise, illustrate, translate, review, report, discuss, re-write, estimate, interpret, theories, paraphrase, reference, example

3

Application

use or apply knowledge, put theory into practice, use knowledge in response to real circumstances

put a theory into practical effect, demonstrate, solve a problem, manage an activity

use, apply, discover, manage, execute, solve, produce, implement, construct, change, prepare, conduct, perform, react, respond, role-play

4

Analysis

interpret elements, organizational principles, structure, construction, internal relationships; quality, reliability of individual components

identify constituent parts and functions of a process or concept, or de-construct a methodology or process, making qualitative assessment of elements, relationships, values and effects; measure requirements or needs

analyze, break down, catalogue, compare, quantify, measure, test, examine, experiment, relate, graph, diagram, plot, extrapolate, value, divide

5

Synthesis (create/build)

develop?new unique structures, systems, models, approaches, ideas; creative thinking, operations

develop plans or procedures, design solutions, integrate methods, resources, ideas, parts; create teams or new approaches, write protocols or contingencies

develop, plan, build, create, design, organize, revise, formulate, propose, establish, assemble, integrate, re-arrange, modify

6

Evaluation

assess effectiveness of whole concepts, in relation to values, outputs, efficacy, viability; critical thinking, strategic comparison and review; judgement relating to external criteria
review strategic options or plans in terms of efficacy, return on investment or cost-effectiveness, practicability; assess sustainability; perform a
?
SWOT
analysis in relation to alternatives; produce a financial justification for a proposition or venture, calculate the effects of a plan or strategy; perform a detailed and costed risk analysis with recommendations and justifications

review, justify, assess, present a case for, defend, report on, investigate, direct, appraise, argue, project-manage

??????????? Based on the 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwhol) 1956. This table is adapted and reproduced with permission from Allyn & Bacon, Boston USA, being the publishers and copyright owners of 'Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives' (Bloom et al 1956).

Note that levels 5 and 6, Synthesis and Evaluation, were subsequently inverted by Anderson and Krathwhol in 2001, on which point:

??????????? The question of the order of Synthesis and Evaluation is dependent upon the extent of strategic expectation and authority that is built into each, which depends on your situation. Hence it is possible to make a case for Bloom's original order shown above, or Anderson and Krathwhol version of 2001 (which simply inverts levels 5 and 6).

??????????? The above version is the original, and according to the examples and assumptions presented in the above matrix, is perfectly appropriate and logical. I also personally believe the above order to be appropriate for?corporate and industrial training and development?if?'Evaluation'?is taken to represent?executive or strategic assessment and decision-making, which is effectively at the pinnacle of the corporate intellect-set.

??????????? The inversion of Synthesis and Evaluation carries a risk unless it is properly qualified. This is because the highest skill level absolutely must involve?strategic evaluation; effective management - especially of large activities or organizations - relies on strategic evaluation. And clearly,?strategic evaluation is by implication included in the 'Evaluation' category.

??????????? I would also argue that in order to evaluate properly and strategically, we need first to have learned and experienced the execution of the strategies (ie, to have completed the synthesis step) that we intend to evaluate.

??????????? However, you should feel free to invert levels 5 and 6 if warranted by your own particular circumstances, particularly if your interpretation of 'Evaluation' is non-strategic, and not linked to decision-making. Changing the order of the levels is warranted if local circumstances alter the degree of difficulty. Remember, the taxonomy is based in the premise that the degree of difficulty increases through the levels - people need to learn to walk before they can run - it's that simple. So, if your situation causes 'Synthesis' to be more challenging than 'Evaluation', then change the order of the levels accordingly (i.e., invert 5 and 6 like Anderson and Krathwhol did), so that you train people in the correct order.

??????????? Bloom's Taxonomy second domain, the Affective Domain, was detailed by Bloom, Krathwhol and Masia in 1964 (Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Volume II, The Affective Domain. Bloom, Krathwhol and Masia.) Bloom's theory advocates this structure and sequence for developing attitude - also now commonly expressed in the modern field of personal development as 'beliefs'. Again, as with the other domains, the Affective Domain detail provides a framework for teaching, training, assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of training and lesson design and delivery, and also the retention by and affect upon the learner or trainee.

affective domain

?level

category or 'level'

behaviour descriptions

examples of experience, or demonstration and evidence to be measured

'key words' (verbs which describe the activity to be trained or measured at each level)

1

Receive

open to experience, willing to hear

listen to teacher or trainer, take interest in session or learning experience, take notes, turn up, make time for learning experience, participate passively

ask, listen, focus, attend, take part, discuss, acknowledge, hear, be open to, retain, follow, concentrate, read, do, feel

2

Respond

react and participate actively

participate actively in group discussion, active participation in activity, interest in outcomes, enthusiasm for action, question and probe ideas, suggest interpretation

react, respond, seek clarification, interpret, clarify, provide other references and examples, contribute, question, present, cite, become animated or excited, help team, write, perform

3

Value

attach values and express personal opinions

decide worth and relevance of ideas, experiences; accept or commit to particular stance or action

Source: h

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FCC gives Dish Network its blessing to use AWS-4 spectrum for 4G data

FCC gives Dish Network its blessing to use AWS4 spectrum for 4G data

After a lengthy review period, the FCC has finally voted in favor of Dish Network's request to use its AWS-4 wireless spectrum for 4G LTE data services. Now that the FCC removed regulatory barriers that previously restricted that 40 MHz of satellite spectrum from being used for land-based broadband, Dish says it "will consider its strategic options," whatever that means. Dish didn't get everything that it wanted however, as the FCC also approved a proposal that could lead to the auction of the H block of spectrum in 2013. Dish would prefer this spectrum go unused as a buffer for its own, but other wireless companies like Sprint are reportedly interested in it. Although rumors have circulated about partnerships with everyone from T-Mobile to Google, we'll have to wait and see what Dish Network actually does going forward, but avoiding the LightSquared treatment surely has the folks in Englewood, Colorado breathing easier.

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Source: Dish Network, FCC

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